Does the UK have a Prime Ministerial government?

The Prime Minister is very much a staple of British politics today and it can be seen in the last thirty years that there has been a power shift in UK politics very much in favour of the Prime Minister. Traditionally, the UK government operated under a theoretical system known as cabinet government which is basically the idea that all members of the cabinet should have an equal say in policy making with the Prime Minister being ‘first among equals' in the cabinet. However, in recent times it can be seen that the UK government has moved to a system known as Prime Ministerial government which is when a prime minister uses its powers and influence to dominate all areas of government including the dictation of government policy. It can be seen that the powers of patronage the Prime Minister has, the control and bypass of the cabinet by the PM and the fact that the PM is in appearance the head of the country, all of which suggest a move towards a prime ministerial government in recent years. However, it can be argued that whilst the PM appears to be all dominant in fact the PM still relies on the support of its cabinet, its party and the strength of its party in parliament or in other words the success of the PM. One way in which in recent years, the UK has moved towards PM government is through the control and bypassing of the cabinet by various Prime Ministers.Government Regulation on Media in America In recent years, there has been a bypassing of cabinet government and an increase in the use of bilateral meetings (which is essentially a gathering of the PMs most trusted ministers from the cabinet and deciding what to do on certain policies before the cabinet meeting) which allows the pm to have more power over policy and also takes power usually reserved for the cabinet. An example of this is Blair's ‘kitchen cabinet' of which brown was the only ever present member whom he discussed policy with an example of this being the privatisation of the control of interest rates in the bank of England which was very much Blair's own personal policy. Another way there has been a move from cabinet government is that the prime minister has become able to push their own policy forward with little or no support from their parties for example Thatcher pushed through the poll tax bill even though the party was more or less united in opposition to the idea. In addition to this in recent years we have seen a dramatic increase in the number of personal advisors to the PM in comparison to previous years where the PM had barely any personal advisors and the now established PM's office which consists of advisors to the PM thereby limiting the need for cabinet consultation. These moves clearly show a bypassing and control of the government supporting the idea the UK has moved to a PM government rather than cabinet government. One restraint on the powers of the prime minister is the strength a majority in parliament. It could be argued that there is a correlation between the power of the prime minister and the parties size of majority in parliament for example Blair initially was a very strong prime minister operating under a strong majority in parliament going undefeated in parliament until after the 2005 election but, after significant lessening of the majority in the next election he wasn't as strong as he didn't have as much public support for him to justify himself and his policies to his party thereby lessening his/her power. This lessens or has a restraint on the Prime Ministers power as it ensures that they are very much under the power of the public opinion and that defines how powerful they are. For example, Brown was very much a weak Prime Minister in the sense of dictating policy as he simply didn't have enough public support or a large enough majority to make his own personal policy which was shown in the defeat he suffered over the gurka bill in 2008 which once again shows the restraint that public support and parliamentary majority has on a Prime Ministers power. Which shows the PM not to be an all dominant figure in government and very much accountable to its own party thereby suggesting that we do not operate under a PM government as the PM is still held accountable and therefore any dominance over the government the PM has is in fact sustained by parliament and when the support from parliament wanes it can be seen that the PM is not able to dictate policy for too long. Another way in which it could be seen that we operate under a PM government is appearance of the prime minister as a supposed head of the country. In recent years there has been an increased media focus on the PM (even leading to puppet parodies which can be seen to represent the national mood at the time) making them the focal point or at least seem to be of British politics, the increased media focus has also led to many voters voting for the prime minister candidate rather than the party they represent which also leads to more power as it shows the PM to be instantly recognisable and important so it commands respect. An example of the Media focus on the prime minister which made him more powerful as they would be seen as the figure head of the government is Blair coming out of the G8 meeting to address the nation and to drive to downing street to sort it out after 7/7 which made him more powerful as he was seen to care and be able to take action. Another way the PM appears to be the head of the country is in foreign policy, Prime ministers can be seen to be the head of foreign policy in terms of conflicts diplomacy and such for example, Blair is often seen as the man who made the decision to invade Iraq and Afghanistan which gives him the appearance of being the head of the country, but it also shows him to be able to dictate policy at least in that area and this can be seen with a variety of PMs in recent years such as Thatcher being known as the Iron Lady after the Falkland's war, Cameron's presiding over the conflict in Libya and the subsequent military operations there and Major over the first gulf war. This showed the PM's to be supposed heads of the country and gave certainly the appearance of a PM government and substance behind the appearance is perhaps shown by such decisive decision making during the conflict. Another way the PM's powers are under restraint is by their own party in terms of support (or lack thereof) . A Prime Ministerial government relies on its party for backing and allowance for the PM to dictate policy but they are also a restraint from the party in the sense that a lack of support would stop the PM from being able to do those things and usually ends in a new leadership election, there are numerous examples of this in recent history and Whilst it's certainly true that recent history has shown there to be at least two very strong Prime ministers namely Thatcher and Blair, both of these were both in some way in debt to their parties in the sense that they needed the party support to be such strong prime ministers for example for Blair to carry out his reforms he needed substantial support from his party, for Thatcher to carry out her new right policy's she needed substantial support from her party. This reliance can lead to the Prime Ministers downfall however; as it is very much the case the Party is very much happy for the PM to be powerful as long as they are successful in winning the next election so when this becomes under threat the Prime Minister is usually forced out, Thatcher was forced out after she forced through an extremely un popular poll tax bill for example. In other cases it can be seen because of a lack of a large party support some PM's never get the chance to be powerful and all PM's are restricted nearing the end of their Premiership e. g. Brown never really had the same power Blair had and at the end faced a leadership challenged which though he survived really signalled an end to any chance he had of being a powerful PM, in a similar situation with Major's premiership It could be seen that his leadership was very much affected due to the spectre of the previous conservative leader (thatcher) and also powerful opponents in the cabinet such as Howard and Portillo. This shows that a Prime Minister really relies on its party for power and influence thereby making a PM government entirely reliant on its party which more or less challenges the whole idea of a PM government. Another way it can be seen that the UK operates under a PM government is the Prime Ministers power of patronage which allows the PM to control policy through the threat or use of his power of dismissal and can use this to dominate Cabinet and on extension it's party. The PM chooses all of the ministers and junior ministers and all who sit in cabinet so whether the MPs progress in their political career relies on the favour to the PM thereby ensuring support of the PM from the lower down MPs and if they do not support the PM they are forced to resign for example MP John Hutton was forced to resign after saying Labour under Brown would be a ‘****ing disaster*' which shows that whilst people may argue that PMs need support from its ministers it can be seen equally or more so that ministers need the support of a PM which shows a move to PM government as it show the PM making the decisions and also controlling its party. In conclusion, it seems that there has indeed been a move towards PM government in recent years especially considering both Thatcher and Blairs premierships and whilst it may be said that the style of government depends on the personality of the Prime Minister traits of a PM government still remained in the premierships of the likes of Brown and Major so overall its clear to certain extent that there has been a move to a Prime Ministerial government. However it does seem that this is facilitated by the party and the cabinet so one may argue that whilst indeed it is a Prime Ministerial government it is supported and facilitated by the government it is perceived to dominate.

A Hotel Restaurant Practicum Report Essay

STRENGHT As an intern i observed some strenghts within Fernandina Hotel, first is that all the staffs are friendly and they will give you the best services they can offer, i can also say that the location is good because there are nearby malls and other business institutions located within the area. Sanitation and cleanliness is well proven in the hotel they are very strict when cleanliness is involved and they train their staffs to become aware of the health of their guests. WEAKNESSES The one thing that can be a weakness of this hotel is that they lack manpower to accomodate their guests, for me this is a big deal as a weakness because this can lead to the downfall of the hotel.The guests will not appreciate the stay if the staffs that will serve them are minimal and cant give them the whole service they want. INTRODUCTION In 1572, Spanish conqueror Juan de Salcedo founded Villa Fernandina in the Philippines and named it after Fernando, the firstborn son of King Felipe II. The Seat of Nueva Segovia bishoporic and capital of the Ilocos Region, the romantic Fernandina boasted of stately Spanish homes where the aristocrats of old savoured the simple yet elegant setting of a classic era. As a tribute to its namesake, the Fernandina 88 Suites at the heart of Araneta Business and shopping center is a masterful blend of contemporary and classical architecture. From the exquisite exterior design of the building to the finest details of each unit, Fernandina 88 boasts of both artistic flair and elegant style. Fernandina 88 suites is designed to suit the tastes of hardworking young professionals and business traveller who appreciate the art of gracious living. This Fernandina 88 suites Owned and Operated by ALCAT Inc. 222 P. Tuazon Boulevard, AranetaCenterCubao Quezon City Philippines 1109. And we are affordable in 1, 2 and 3 bedrooms types of suites. The mission vision of the company is all to the officers and staff of Fernandina 88 suites hotel dedicate ourselves to provide peaceful harmonious  and secure accommodation to our customer clients and guests characterized by quality suites. To this end our aim is to serve our guests in a manner that would exuberate an enthusiasm in service, and the name of the owner of this company is Mr.Joselito Alvarado. and in Fernandina 88 suites we have 3 functions namely 1572 reataurant& ballroom located at 12th floor, the vigan conference hall located at 6th floor, and executive hall located at 2nd floor building. STATUS ANALYSIS ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Sir Bench (Officer in Charge) Benjamin Adriatico 1. Raphael Araneta Antero Molave 2. Jonas Robles Ramon Medina (Food Attendant) Ariel Cruz Ben (Steward) (Steward) Yes the employees do their duty and responsibilities well inside the restaurant, also all the employees in morning and night shifts are hardworking and responsible. OPERATION SYSTEMS & PROCEDURES Breakfast buffet starts at 7AM-10:30AM Always serve a coffee and hot tea Last call for the breakfast buffet at 9:30AM Lunch buffet starts at 12-2:30PM Always serve water Last call for the breakfast buffet at 2:00PM All of the employees and trainees are following the everyday procedures and rules and regulations of the hotel. And prove to the guest that we are always happy to serve them and always smile even we are tired. FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT Soup Tureen- is a serving dish for foods such as soups or stews. Ramekin- used for the preparation and serving various food, dishes. Percolator- is a type of pot used to brew coffee by continually cycling the boiling or nearly boiling brew. Consomme- is a type of clear soup that many guest can use. Olstoria- (coffee espresso machine) Coffee Grinder- is the process of turning coffee beans into a beverage. All the uncommon equipments are working properly, for me it’s a big deal because if these equipments are gone or is not working properly it will not be easy to serve the guests or we can’t give them the good service they want. MANPOWER SCHEDULING All of the AM shifts are starts from 7AM-3PM while the PM shifts are starts from 3PM-10PM that are the prepared scheduled of the restaurant. Yes it’s very effective because In morning shift i can start from 7AM – 3PM after that I have a lots of time to get rest in house. While the night shift starts from 3PM-10PM WORK ATMOSPHERE For me its yes we can move and serve properly inside the restaurant because there is a big and wide space for the guests. And it’s not difficult to move inside the restaurant, it is design to accommodate many guests at once. USE OF MATERIAL RESOURCES Purchase Order – First we go to purchasing area to get some stocks and after that we need to write from a piece of paper the item that they get. One for the am shift and one for the pm shift are assigned to do the inventory every day and all the stocks are enough every day. And so if ever we need to purchase we can just go to purchasing area to get what we need. SANITATION PROCEDURES 1. We always use solution for whipping the tables. 2. We always do the bass out after the guests are done with the dirty plates. 3. We are always segrate all the utensils like spoon, fork, knife and teaspoon. 4. Wear clean proper and tidy attire when they are at work. 5. Keep their finger nails short and clean. 6. Do not wear accessories or jewelry ask they may drop into the food. 7. Keep hair neat and tidy. CLEANING THE WORKING AREA 1. Dining Area 2. Bar Area 3. Buffet Area

'More talked about than done' (Ellis). Do you agree with this Essay

'More talked about than done' (Ellis). Do you agree with this assessment of Napoleon's reforms in the annexed lands and subject - Essay Example The Franks, which was the largest Germanic tribe, took control of the territory that later became France and what is now Italy and western Germany. In 1989, the France’s feudal government exploded into an open revolt that drew the attention of all the European nations. This led to more than two decades of warfare as the empires tried to re-impose their own views in order to achieve a balanced power. According to Gooch (1948) this was the first true world war era and can be divided in to two periods: the Napoleonic Empire and the French Revolution. The French Revolution erupted in 1789 and involved most European countries including Germany and Italy. It gained the support and approval of some intellectuals in Germany and Italians. According to Sheenhan (1993), Germany is the only country where historians were majorly involved in the political process of nation building in which history was a powerful weapon in the struggle for national identity. Also, Germany was the only count ry where an official version where the past of the nation triumphed over its rivals entirely. In the middle of the 19th century, the advocates of the Prussian-led German country started to formulate an account of the German past that reinforced Prussia’s claims. However, this account of the German that was formulated became, as well as remained the history of Germany. Between 1842 and 1843, one of the founders of Prussian school of German history called Johann Gustav Droysen, interjected his work on the Hellenistic period to lecture about the age of wars of liberation where he discussed the developments of Germany from 1770 to 1815. As stated by Carr (1999) the French Revolution started in Germany in 1792 when the French troops invaded Germany and defeated the professional imperial army, which was protecting Germany. In 1794, France took control of the Rhineland that enabled it to keep Austria and Prussia apart, as well as controlled the small states of Germany for twenty yea rs. Blanning (1983) argues that through the treaty of 1795, German forces and Prussian in the north of the main river declined efforts against the French. This was followed by several defeats on Austria with a notable one during the battle of Austerlitz, which took place in 1805. During this period, the Russians and the Australians fought together against the French who were aided by some German states such as Baden and Bavaria. However, in 1806, Prussia re-joined the war against France, but it was still defeated at the Battle of Jena. For this reason, Prussia lost its territory due to the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, and it was also abandoned by Russia, which was its only ally. This motivated them to take up a serious program of social and military reform, which included reformers such as Karl August von Hardenberg and Karl von Stein among others who improved the education, military organization, laws, and administration of the country. In addition, Gerhard von Scharnhorst improved th e military reforms and educated the army on the importance of moral incentives, responsibility and personal courage. This made Prussia stronger and in the late 1813, it joined forces with Russia, and Austria in order to defeat Napoleon during the Battle of Leipzig. After his defeat, Napoleon was driven out of Germany. However,

My own religious Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My own religious Autobiography - Essay Example No one knows with certainty that an all powerful, omnipotent and invisible entity exists. They may have faith and a belief that a God has been and always will be but because the concept of God is beyond anyone’s comprehension, how can anyone claim to have knowledge of such an abstract concept as this? Knowing means putting a theory, or belief if you will, to a series of tests designed to debunk that theory. Only after attempting to disprove a belief, can you say with any certainty that it is true. I can say that horses fly or that the sun revolves around the earth and many people might believe this until it is disproved. Many people did in fact believe both these stories until they were disproved. So what about God? Can anyone really say for certain that God indeed exists? Yes. I can because I have proof. During the summer between my Kindergarten and First Grade year, I spent many hours at my uncle’s house. It’s not that he was necessarily my favorite relative. He had no kids of his own nor did he particularly like kids and he was a boring person for a young child to be around, but he had a pool. I suppose for that reason, he was my favorite during the summer but grandma took this title back during the winter, for obvious reasons. My uncle let me swim all I wanted but seldom actually watched me like he should have, and like he told my parents he did. One very hot day, I was swimming laps to develop my skills. All I remember was that as I was doing this, I gulped some water by accident, the chlorine taste that followed, then gasping for air for just a few moments. My recollection of the events that took place after that are somewhat foggy yet imprinted firmly in my mind, even today. My next conscious memory was waking up at the hospital and hearing the story of how I had drowned but had been brought back to life by emergency technicians who were called to the scene following what my uncle believed was my death. Had it not

Discuss what you believe to be the purpose(s) of education today Essay - 2

Discuss what you believe to be the purpose(s) of education today - Essay Example This is actually an experience that brings formative effects on the manner in which an individual thinks and feels or whose acts may be taken to be educational. The research examines the significance that education often holds for an individual and society in the modern times.  The educational process is very long, often being divided into stages that one has to undertake progressively; these stages include, the preschool, which is at the initial level, primary and then secondary, then later tertiary education which comprises of college and university as well as apprenticeship. The science that describes the bets and effective ways to teach is referred to as pedagogy. Because of the perceived importance of education, education has been ratified as an important human right, with governments enacting various legislations and means to ensuring that their citizens access quality education effectively. This has seen the introduction of free elementary education in some countries and even up to tertiary levels in others, all in a bid to ensure that the nation is effectively educated in order to influence social and economic development in the country Newman, the Catholic poet explains that in the learning process, especially at the higher level, the university, learners get the essence of learning. He says, â€Å"†¦The university is a society in which the student absorbs the graces and accomplishments of a higher form of life† (Newman para 2). It is believed that long before any formalized research existed; state constitution and all forms of legislative requirements, philosophers of the ancient times had already shown great regard to the purpose of education and the process of schooling in general (Newman para 6). They seemed to encourage people to think and identify the true meaning of life, and training their children on this path in order to become responsible

The market mechanism is the only effective way to allocate resources Essay

The market mechanism is the only effective way to allocate resources. Discuss - Essay Example 8). This essay looks into the various aspects of the competitive market economy and analyses the fact that the resources can be allocated most efficiently if the economy operates in a competitive framework. Discussion and Analysis In a free market economy the price and the quantity of the product demanded is determined by the market forces of demand and supply. According to the theory of demand as the price of a product increases the quantity demanded for the product gets reduced. On the other hand, other things remaining constant as the price of a product decreases the demand for the product increases. The inverse relationship between the price and the demand for a commodity gives rise to a downward sloping demand curve. The supply curve for a commodity is however upward rising curve. The equilibrium price and quantity is determined by the interaction of the demand and the supply curves (Samuelson and ?Nordhaus, 2010, p. 57). This market mechanism has been explained with the help of the following diagram. Figure 1: Interaction of Demand and Supply Source: Besanko and Braeutigam, 2010, p. 36 In the figure it is seen that the initial demand curve id D1 and the initial supply curve is S. Now the market will reach equilibrium at the point A where the quantity demanded for the product would match the quantity supplied. At this point the quantity demanded would be Q1 and the quantity supplied would also be Q1. The price at which the market equilibrium would be reached is P1. This price is neither determined by the buyers or the sellers but the combined forces of the demand and supply existing in the market. Now suppose the market demand for the product increases from D1 to D2, with the same level of market supply the price of the product will increase to P1 and the quantity demanded of the product would increase from Q1 to Q2. Hence the new market equilibrium would be changed to B. At the point B the quantity demanded would match the market supply. The demand curve would shift to the right due to a variety of reasons. When the income of the individuals increase the disposable income of the people would increase and it would lead to a rise in the demand for a particular product. Similarly the supply of products may also decrease due to a variety of reasons. When the price of the raw materials increases the firms are not able to supply the product at the same cost. Thus the supply decreases. As a result the equilibrium price and quantity would undergo change. Figure 2: Shifts in the Supply Curve Source: Besanko and Braeutigam, 2010, p. 36 In this figure the reduction in the supply of the commodity pushes the supply curve to the left. The quantity supply reduces from Q1 to Q2 but the price increases from P1 to P2. Therefore at the same level of market demand the new equilibrium is formed at the point B. The demand and supply forces would act naturally in a free market where there are no restrictions by the government. This is true for the perfect ly competitive markets where none of the buyers or the sellers has the power to control the price in the market. Therefore a competitive market is one in which there would be large number of buyers and sellers (Petri, 2004, p. 77). The sellers would have their aim to maximise the profit of

SYSTEMS AND DATABASES - COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SYSTEMS AND DATABASES - COURSEWORK - Essay Example Solution: A database solution would ensure better storage, addition, modification and deletion of resident records so that bed allocation is handled better. Bed allocation would not only help the care manager but also the placement officer to know the affordable rates for the beds for fund approval process. Databases namely Oracle or MySql server can be used for storing and retrieving the records of beds and residents. Problem definition: The nurse records are not well maintained for immediate allocation and is very difficult to know the availability of the nurses for resident allocation and assignment. Even their weekly payment hours are sometimes faulty. Solution: A database system with alerts (triggers) would be largely helpful in knowing the reorder level for nurse’s availability and their filling up with buffers so that patients are taken care and attended at all times. Solution: An information system should be well connected with the pharmacist who would ensure better and timely delivery of drugs for use by the home. Again the proposal for an interconnected system like that of ERP is most useful in such cases. It would not only manage the various elements but would also reduce their operation cycle time in terms of effort and time taken by the various actors like the care manager, nursing manager and others to accomplish a task. As the hospital demands quick and timely action to keep up with the patient’s medical demands, an ERP system would ensure effective data transfer and reduce their lead times (Ballou, 2002). Solution: The updation of records are essentially required for fetching the exact state of the patients at all times. The system must reflect that at every point of time as to the status of the patient. A database solution would ensure better management of the home and ensure a reflection of the

Revison of paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Revison of paper - Essay Example ormational Leadership in the Public Sector: Does Structure Matter,† discusses whether or not transformational leadership has a place in the public sector. C.R. Emery and K.J. Barker focus their study on the nature of job satisfaction and employee attitude in relation to the different leadership styles in the 2007 article â€Å"The Effect Of Transactional And Transformational Leadership Styles On The Organizational Commitment And Job Satisfaction Of Customer Contact Personnel.† Finally, â€Å"An Empirical Study of Leader Ethical Values, Transformational and Transactional Leadership, And Follower Attitudes toward Corporate Social Responsibility,† by K.S. Groves and M.A. LaRocca (2011), offers another perspective on the outcomes of the different leadership styles. Transactional leadership has a simple goal; maintain the status quo and overseeing the normal flow of the tasks at hand. They often use incentives or a reward system as a means to motivate their staff to work to the best of their abilities. However, transformational leadership is rather different. This sort of leader does not rely simply on hand and mouth incentives to accomplish day-to-day tasks; they inspire, encourage, and motivate their staff by altering their perspectives and assumptions about their job and importance. While transactional leadership may spawn acceptable results, transformational leadership can have a more profound long term effect on the behaviours and attitudes of the employees (Wright & Pandey, 2010). For example, transactional leaders gain company loyalty and dedication with rewards, but what happens when those rewards stop; this will also end the positive behaviours and attitudes of the staff. Those led by a transformational leader will maintain that needed loyalty based on principle and not upon rewards. Wright and Pandey’s primary question focused upon whether are not there is a presence or place in the public sector for transformational leadership? This is relevant,

American History Inmigration between 1880 and 1920 Essay

American History Inmigration between 1880 and 1920 - Essay Example Political instability and the spread of diseases in the homelands of the immigrants also forced them to opt for immigration and lead a better life. Other reasons included the lack of employment and chances of progress. The killings and persecution of people on the basis of their religion was also a reason why people left their homelands. There were many countries from where people chose to immigrate to the United States which included people from Italy, Russia, and Poland and to certain extent from China as well. This era of 1880 and 1920 was also a period of industrialization and it was a period of progress for the United States. The immigrants moved to the country and started working in the factories and mills of America. They settled for lower salaries as compared to the nationals. The great influx of immigrants led to the increased crowding in the cities and hence the maintenance of the infrastructure became very difficult. This led to problems like overcrowding accompanied by po or conditions of living for the immigrants. The crime rate also increased due to the rise in these problems. The increase in the number of immigrants created problems for the nationals as well and hence the immigrants became the targets of discrimination.

A Street Car Names Desire Essay Example for Free

A Street Car Names Desire Essay A Street Car Named Desire deals with a culture clash between the Old South’s â€Å"plantation† mentality (priding itself on false pretenses) and the New South’s relatively uncivilized, yet real, grip on reality. The two characters who come to represent this tension are Blanche and Stanley Kowalski. Blanche advertises herself as a champion of â€Å"Southern Honor. † This entails an unfaltering dedication to virtue and culture. These are not, however, driving factors in her life but only mask her alcoholism and delusions of grandeur. By contrast, Stanley is an industrial worker who acts on habit and structure. Tennessee Williams juxtaposes illusion and reality by depicting the antagonistic relationship between the two by consistently employing symbolism. Blanche is constantly escaping the realities of life by retreating into her own fabrications. Her plummet into a delusional world begins when her beloved husband reveals himself to be gay and, soon after, shoots himself. She falls into a spiral of affairs after this event in a search to find emotional satisfaction and to reaffirm her womanhood. She ignores the obvious detrimental effect of her intimacies because all she wants is to be happy again: to be loved. Blanche physically escapes the reality of her life by leaving Belle Reve and Laurel to go to her sister’s home in New Orleans. Here, she misrepresents who she is and enters another relationship where she recreates her identity. When confronted about her lies, Blanche explains that she lies because she refuses to accept the hand fate has dealt her: I dont want realism. I want magic! Yes, yes, magic! I try to give that to people. I misrepresent things to them. I dont tell truth, I tell what ought to be truth. And if that is sinful, then let me be damned for it! (Williams, 34) Lying to herself and to others allows her to make life appear as she thinks it should be rather than as it is. Her final, deluded happiness (as her sister and Stanley commit her to an insane asylum) shows her acceptance that illusion is an adequate reality, but it also shows reality’s inevitable triumph. The driving force of reality, embodied by Stanley Kowalski, quickly dismantles all the falsities Blanche comes to represent. He is a practical man firmly grounded in the physical world who disdains fabrications. He finds meaning only in the primitive and straightforward: â€Å"Theres something downright bestial about him! He acts like an animal, has animals habits! Yes, something ape-like about him† (71). An animal would not create an alternate reality for a situation but would act according to the real, harshness of life in order to ensure its own survival. Stanley’s animal habits can be looked at as an appreciation only for tangible truths. In the end, Stanley succeeds in debunking all the false images Blanche created about herself. He goes out of his way to reveal Blanche’s past and then flaunts it in a crude, insensitive way: â€Å"Take a look at yourself here in a worn-out Mardi Gras outfit, rented for 50 cents from some rag-picker Do you know that Ive been on to you from the start, and not once did you pull the wool over this boys eyes? Ha ha! Do you hear me? Ha ha ha† (67). Stanley again asserts his bestial tendency, but this time to show his dominance. When he proceeds to physically rape her, he metaphorically strips her of the false reality she created. Williams uses symbolism to show that Blanche is trapped in a life of delusion. The Varsouviana Polka and the use of light are reoccurring symbols that elude to her disconnect with reality. The Polka is the music that played the night her husband committed suicide. Blanche says that it ends only after she hears the sound of a gunshot in her head. It plays at various points in the play, symbolising this event that triggered her mental decline. Whenever a situation gets too â€Å"real,† Blanche firmly believes she hears the Varsouviana, panics, and looses her grip on reality. Also, throughout the play, Blanche avoids appearing in direct, bright light, especially in front of Mitch: â€Å"And turn that over-light off! Turn that off! I won’t be looked at in this merciless glare†(45). It is clear she avoids the lights in efforts to conceal the reality of her age and fading beauty. Symbolically, Blanche avoids light in order to prevent Mitch from seeing her for who she is. She, once again, retreats into her own world of illusion. Blanche is never able to be looked at â€Å"in the light† and exposed. She never faces reality. Both Stanley and Blanche have a hard time relating to the other gender without sexual implications. The difference is that Stanley is upfront about this â€Å"animalistic† behavior towards women, while Blanche tries to paint herself as above the primitive nature of her sexual impulses. We can call one approach realistic and the other delusional, but it doesn’t change the fact that both characters approach interactions in a sexual way. What does this say about the nature of what is real and what isn’t? Williams seems to draw an ambiguous line. This implies that reality and illusions coexist in our lives, and what we choose to label our views and actions is just a matter of perspective.

Knowledge And Practice Toward Breast Self Examination Nursing Essay

Knowledge And Practice Toward Breast Self Examination Nursing Essay Abstract A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the knowledge and practice toward breast self-examination (BSE), among a sample of female nursing student in University Sultan Zainal Abidin Terengganu. Using a purposed questionnaire, a total of 40 nursing student years 2 from Nursing Department completed the questionnaire. The mean age of the respondents was 20 years (SD = 3.7). All of respondent (100%) were single. The percentages of nursing student toward breast cancer and breast self examination were high (95%) seventy seven percent (77.5%) of respondent were practice the breast self examination and only twenty two were not perform breast self examination. most of respondent are not regularly perform breast self examination, only 7.5% do it regularly. the obstacle to perform BSE is not sure how to perform BSE . The study findings suggest that the knowledge is but the practise is must be done regularly because the nurse should teach their client the right way to perform BSE. If the nurse cannot do it in right step how can they will teach their client Chapter 1 Background of study 1. Prevalence and incidence Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in most parts of the world. There is a marked geographical variation in incidence rate.   In 2000, there were 1,050,346 cases reported with 372,969 deaths from breast cancer world-wide. The incidence ranged from an average of 95 per 100,000 in more developed countries to 20 per 100,000 in less developed countries. The incidence (number of new cancers) is steadily increasing.   The statistics are more frightening in countries like the USA where about 184,000 new cases of breast cancer are detected annually. The National Cancer Institute estimates that by age 50, one out of every 50 women will develop breast cancer. By age 80, it will rise to one in 10. If this risk is calculated over their lifetime, one in 8 women will suffer from breast cancer. One in 28 will die of the disease.   One in 3000 women develop breast cancer during pregnancy and pregnant women tend to develop them usually in their 30s. (Only 2% of breast cancers are diagnosed in pregnant women.)   Presented in another way:   Every 3 minutes, one woman is diagnosed with breast cancer (USA) Every 11 minutes, one woman dies from breast cancer (USA) Every year, 30,000 women and 200 men are diagnosed with breast cancer (UK) In countries where rates have been low, especially in Asia, the rate of increase has been the greatest with steep increases in the incidence as well as death rate (mortality).   Adapted from American Cancer Society (2003). Breast Cancer in Malaysia Breast cancer was the commonest overall cancer as well as the commonest cancer in women amongst all races from the age of 20 years in Malaysia for 2003 to 2005. Breast cancer is most common in the Chinese, followed by the Indians and then, Malays and breast cancer formed 31.1% of newly diagnosed cancer cases in women in 2003-2005. Source from the National Cancer Registry The Age Standardized Rate (ASR) of female breast cancer is 47.4 per 100,000 population (National Cancer Registry Report 2003-2005). Amongst the Chinese, it is higher at 59.9 per 100,000 population, for the Indians, the ASR is 54.2 per 100,000 and it is lowest in the Malays at 34.9 per 100,000 population. A woman in Malaysia has a 1 in 20 chance of getting breast cancer in her lifetime The cumulative life time risk of developing breast cancer for Chinese women, Indian women and Malay women were 1 in 16, 1 in 17 and 1 in 28 respectively. The peak incidence appeared to be 50-59 years old. In comparison, the next (2nd) commonest cancer in Malaysian women in 2002 2003 was cancer of the cervix, which only formed 12% and 12.9% respectively of total female cancers. The statistics for Malaysia was sourced from the National Cancer Registry Reports 2002 and 2003. Over time, the pattern of cancers, including breast cancer will be better established. It is only with continued reliable data that important decisions on planning and policy management can be made for Malaysia. Estimates by the International Agency for Research in Cancers reported that in 2000, there were 3825 cases reported and 1707 deaths from breast cancer in Malaysia. Breast cancer is the commonest female malignancy in Malaysia and all over the world. Its incidence in Malaysia in 2000 was 41.9 cases per 100,000. In 2002, 4337 cases of breast cancer were reported to the National Cancer Registry with an incidence rate of 52.8 per 100,000 and accounting for 30.4% of all diagnosed malignancies in Malaysian women. One in 9 Malaysian women has a chance of developing breast cancer. Breast cancer incidence in Malaysia is intermediate between rates of industrialized countries like the US 91/100,000 and developing countries like India 19/100,000. This situation is not permanent since the rate in developing countries is rising as women adopt lifestyles of the developed countries. Disease risk varies by ethnicity. Lifetime risk is 1 in 24 for Malays, 1 in 14 for the Chinese, and 1 in 15 for Indians. The age at diagnosis shows an opposite pattern being highest in the Indians and lowest in the Malays. The differences among ethnic groups reflect different age st ructures and lifestyle choices (parity, breast feeding practice, diet). Genetic risk factors have not been studies thoroughly in Malaysia. The risk of the disease increases with age being maximal at age 50-59. Women in Malaysia present with larger tumors and at later stages than women in the US. Certain health beliefs, lack of correct information, and inadequate health care facilities are a barrier to routine early detection and treatment of the disease Breast Cancer is easier to treat the earlier it is found. For that reason, some experts recommend that women over age 20 perform a monthly breast self examination to look for new lumps and other changes. Breast self-examination is a simple, very low cost, non-invasive adjuvant screening method for the detection of early breast cancer in women. Its purpose is important in case of a prompt reporting of breast symptoms which are important early detection messages for women of all ages, and to make women familiar with both the appearance and the feel of their breasts as early as possible. There is evidence that women who correctly practice Breast self- examination monthly are more likely to detect a lump in the early stage of its development, and early diagnosis has been reported to influence early treatment and to yield a better survival rate It was found that mortality had fallen by 31%after 6-years for women aged 40-70 at the beginning of the trial. Unfortunately despite the benefits of regular Breast self-examination, few women actually examine themselves; in fact, majority does not even know how to do Breast self examination. Although opinions conflict about the value of Breast Self Examination (BSE) 1.2 Problem statement Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women today and is the most common cancer among women. .Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Malaysian women. There is a marked geographical difference in the worldwide incidence of breast cancer, with a higher incidence in developed countries compared to developing countries. According to Malaysia cancer statistic (data and figure 2006) found that the incidence of breast cancer case according to age between 0-9 years is 1 case, for to age 10-19 years 6 cases and 20-29 years is 78 cases. It is show increase in cases and it happening to all groups. Because of that, it is very important for someone to detect early sign and symptom of breast cancer. All groups should know how to perform Breast self examination Breast self-examination (BSE) is a screening method used in an attempt to detect early breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself looking at and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions or swelling. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a low-cost, low risk procedure that can be repeated at frequent intervals, and has been advocated as a self-performed screening procedure. 1.3 Researcher experience Trough author experience as a staff nurse in hospital and community health author found that many younger women at age 15-24 came to clinic to check the lumps because they dont know how to perform the right technique of breast self examination . Usually at this age they feel shy to expose their breast to be palpable. End of the result the condition becoming worse. And for author experience as a clinical instructor at Nursing department, a few of the student always came with complain of they have a lump at their breast but not sure it is a lump or anything else It is for this reason that the author chose to study students knowledge and practice of breast cancer examination. Having the knowledge of breast cancer could result in seeking medical attention early before complications develop. 1.4 Risk factors and symptoms of Breast cancer 1.4.1 Risk factors and sign symptoms: A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a disease, For example Smoking is a risk factor for cancers of the lung, mouth, larynx, bladder, kidney, and ischemic heart diseases. But having risk factor does not mean than the disease is certain. Risk factors also can be divided into risk determinants and risk modulators. Determinants cannot be changed or influenced on the other hand risk modulators can be changed or influenced. A. Determinant risk factors: Gender: Being a woman is risk factors for breast cancer. Incidence of breast cancer in male is very low. Men account for approximately 1% of all breast cancer cases. Growing age: Incidence of breast cancer is low before 40. In absolute term advancing age is the greatest risk for developing breast cancer. About 17% of the invasive breast cancer diagnoses are women in their 40s.while, 78% of the women diagnoses the same invasive breast cancer when they are in 50s or older Genetic predisposition: Recent studies have shown that about 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are hereditary as a result of gene changes (called mutations). The most common mutations are those of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes Family history of breast cancer: Research has shown that women with a family history of breast cancer have a higher risk for developing the disease. Having 1 first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) with breast cancer approximately doubles a womans risk. Having 2, a first-degree relative increases her risk 5-fold. Personal history of breast cancer: A woman with cancer in one breast has a 3- to 4-fold increased risk of developing a new cancer in the other breast or in another part of the same breast. Early age at menarche and late menopause: Early menarche and late menopause both increase the risk of developing breast cancer. B. Risk modulators (Lifestyle-Related Breast Cancer Risk factors) First birth at late age and low parity: Delaying childbirth or remaining childless increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The higher parities and earlier age at first pregnancy of women in many developing countries might account for lower incidence of breast cancer in relation to developed countries. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): It has become clear that long-term use (several years or more) of postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT), particularly estrogen and progesterone combined, increases risk of breast cancer. Alcohol consumption: Recent studies have shown alcohol consumption increase the risk of breast cancer. In a summary analysis of epidemiologic studies, breast cancer risk increased between 40 and 70 percent with about two drinks daily. Obesity and high-fat diets: The relation between the obesity, high fat intake and breast cancer is complex. Most of the studies found obesity and high fat intake is the risk factors for developing breast cancer. But the relation seems to be not strong or consistent. 1.4.2 Warning symptoms of Breast cancer: Early breast cancer is usually symptom less. But there are some symptoms develop as the cancer advances. Breast lump or breast mass is the main symptoms of the breast cancer.Lump are usually painless, firm to hard and usually with irregular borders. Every lump is not cancerous, sometimes some lumps or swelling in the breast tissue may be due to hormonal changes or benign (not harmful) in nature. Beside these some others symptoms are important, like: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lump or mass in the armpit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A change in the size or shape of the breast à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Abnormal nipple discharge Usually bloody or clear-to-yellow or green fluid May look like pus (purulent) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Change in the color or feel of the skin of the breast, nipple, or areola Dimpled, puckered, or scaly Retraction, orange peel appearance Redness Accentuated veins on breast surface Change in appearance or sensation of the nipple Pulled in (retraction), enlargement, or itching à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Breast pain, enlargement, or discomfort on one side only à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Any breast lump, pain, tenderness, or other change in a man à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Symptoms of advanced disease are bone pain, weight loss, swelling of one arm, and skin ulceration (Source: Medline plus Medical Encyclopedia: Breast Cancer.) 1.5 Research Objective 1.5.1 General Objective: To determine the level of the knowledge and practice toward breast self examination among year 2 female nursing student of University Sultan Zainal Abidin Terengganu 1.5.2 Specific objectives: 1. To determine the level of knowledge regarding breast cancer examination 2. To determine the practice of student on breast self examination. 1.5.3 Expected Benefit The result of this study will identify level of knowledge and practice towards Breast Self Examination among nursing student and how frequent they practice the right steps. This study also will deliver the knowledge about right BSE to the student for them to apply on themselves and to expose the knowledge to the community. 1.5.4 Significance of project Breast cancer is easier to threat the earlier it is found. There is evidence that women who correctly practice Breast Self Examination (BSE) monthly can detect a lump in the early stage of its development, and early stage of its development, and early diagnosis has been reported to influence early treatment and to yield a better survival rate. Unfortunately , despite the benefit of regular BSE ,a few women actually examine themselves , in fact , majority does not even know how to do BSE and opinion conflict about the value of BSEmen who correctly practice Breast Self Examination (BSE) montly can detect a The aim of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge and practice towards Breast Self Examination among nursing student and how frequent they practice the right steps. This study also will deliver the knowledge about right BSE to the student for them to apply on themselves and to expose the knowledge to the community. 1.5.5 Scope of the project Reference population : Student Nursing attending Medical and Health Science Faculty in UnisZA, Kuala Terengganu Study subject : Year 2 Nursing student in nursing Department at Medicine and Health Science in UnisZA during study period (1st January to 31 March ) 1.5.6 Definition of term Student anyone who is learning or someone who attends an educational institution (Wikipedia and free encyclopedia ) Nurse is a healthcare professional, who along with other health care professionals, is responsible for the treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely or chronically ill or injured people, health maintenance of the healthy, and treatment of life-threatening emergencies in a wide range of health care settings (Wikipedia and free encyclopedia ) Knowledge expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject Practice a method of learning by repetition Breast Self Examination is a method of finding abnormalities of the breast, for early detection of breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself looking at and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions or swelling. Chapter 2 Literature Review According to Israa M. Alkhasawneh et al (2008) It is therefore important for nurses as educators to have appropriate information and positive attitude toward early detection of breast cancer. The provision of cancer screening behaviour can be complicated by the fear and uncertainty associated with cancer. Nurses knowledge and awareness of breast cancer screening behaviour would impact patients behaviour by increasing their awareness. Forgetfulness is the most important reason for not performing BSE. Furthermore, the fear of finding a mass, not having self-confidence, not being knowledgeable about how to perform BSE, laziness, and the absence of breast cancer in the family were the other reasons students refrain from the procedure. The main reasons for not performing BSE in the current study also were not know how to perform the examination, not having any previous problems in the breast, forgetfulness, and laziness. Sakine Memis (2009) Nursing profession is one of them, and it is very important for self carefulness to be able to recognize the signs of their own illness. Breast self-examination is an examination that should be perfect for nurses. They have the knowledge of the clinical signs of Breast Cancer and of the examination technique, and they can do it themselves without consulting a physician. Furthermore, they are especially aware of the importance of the early detection of breast cancer for a successful treatment. It has been shown that confidence in ones BSE ability is strongly correlated to BSE practice in the general population. For more emphasis of BSE occurs in the work place and in undergraduate and postgraduate courses, nurses, teaching of BSE to clients may be increased. Also, the provision of BSE educational programs is necessary to increase nurses knowledge, confidence, performance, and teaching of BSE.( Ali Abu-Salem 2007) It is supported by Agghababai sodabeh et al (2006) the nurses have a role for health and nature of the nurse client relationship facilitates opportunities for health education. Breast awareness will not necessarily translate into women becoming more familiar with their own breast tissue, unless they are encouraged to look at and touch the breast as a normal part of self -care health behavior. Regarding to G Ertem, A Kocer a positive correlation was found between nursing work experience and their practice alongside BSE medical professionals. Almost all the nurses knew how to conduct BSE, but did not prioritize practicing it. Nurses have knowledge about breast cancer screening behavior, such as BSE, the rates of performance are not adequate. It is therefore recommended that to increase rates of regular breast cancer screening behavior, mass health protective programs be conducted, especially for female health workers who undertake the responsibility of raising breast cancer prevention and awareness in society.. (2009) Dr.Osama et al Positive correlations were found between nursing work experience and their practice in BSE as working nurses. Studies like these can enhance the knowledge regarding BSE among nurses and other medical professionals. (2007) According to Roupa Z1., et al (2002) the majority of the subjects in student nurse acknowledged the usefulness and the convenience of BSE in the early detection of the breast cancer. The majority of the subjects fail to perform BSE regularly. Considerable percentages of the subjects in student groups have insufficient knowledge of BSE. From Mehregen Hj Mahmoodi et al (2002) Seventy-five percent of the women knew about breast cancer prevalence, but only 27% knew that breast pain is not a symptom of breast cancer. Although 73% of women did know that contact with a relative with breast cancer could not lead to development of breast cancer, the respondents knowledge of risk factors of breast cancer was not satisfactory. With regard to womens attitudes toward BSE, the majority believed that it is not difficult and time consuming or troublesome (63% and 72%, respectively). Sixty-three percent of the respondents claimed that they know how to examine their breasts, but only 6% performed BSE monthly. From study Ozgul Karayurt (2008), 6.7% of the students were performing BSE monthly and 20.3% of the students were performing BSE irregularly. Students knowledge about BSE might have affected their monthly BSE performance. However, only a small number of students who had knowledge about the BSE procedure were performing BSE monthly. The most common reasons for not doing BSE were not knowing how to perform BSE (98.5%), not expecting to get breast cancer (45.6%) and not having a close relative with breast cancer (42.9%).Consistent with the results of this study, in many studies, students noted that they did not perform BSE because they did not know how to perform it [4,29], and that they did not have a family history of breast cancer Chapter 3 Research methodology This chapter contains the research design adopted for the study, a description of the study site, study population, sampling and sample size, data collection tool and method, data analysis, inclusion and exclusion criteria; and ethical considerations. 3.2 Research design A cross- sectional quantitative study was conducted to determine the knowledge and practice of breast self examination. 3,3 Sample size 40 student of year 2 nursing student in department of nursing are selected as a sample for this study 3.4 Sample criteria inclusion criteria female age 18 years above year 2 student exclusion criteria male below 18 years year 1 and 3 student 3.5 Data collection tool and method Data collection was accomplished using administered questionnaire (See appendix A). The questionnaire was divided into 3 major parts. Part 1 Socio demographic data: age, education level, marital status, and number of children.. Coding for part 1: Question 1: Age Question 2: primary = 1, secondary = 2, tertiary = 3, none = 4 Question 3: Single = 1, married = 2, divorced = 3, widowed = 4, separated = 5 Question 4: none = 1, 1-5 = 2, 6-10 = 3, >10 = 4 Part II : Knowledge of breast self examination: Coding for part II Question 5 : S 1- S 5 True = 2 (correct answer ) False = 0 Question 6: S 1 S 10 True -2(correct answer) False = 0 Question 7: S1 true = 2 (correct answer) false = 0 S2 S4 False 2 (correct answer ) , True 0 Question 8 : S1- S3 True =2 (correct answer), false = 0 Question 9 : Yes = 0 No= 2 (correct answer) Question 10 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 11 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 12 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 13 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 14 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 15 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 16: S 1 S 3 True -2(correct answer) False = 0 Question17: S 1 S 2 True -2(correct answer) False = 0 Part 111 : Practice Question 18: Yes = (Practice), no (not practice) Question 27.1: monthly- 1 , every six month 2, yearly- 3 , never practice- 4 Question 27.2: forgetting = 1, not sure how to do it = 2, difficult to perform = 3, never taught how to do it = 4 Data collection was done by the researcher, from Feb. 2011 to Mac 2011 , which is a period of one months. 3.6 Data analysis Questionnaires were coded to suit computer statistical package and data was imported into Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). Analysis was done using SPSS to calculate mean, standard deviation and frequency distribution according to knowledge and practice of breast cancer examination. Questions to assess the knowledge of breast self examinations and the knowledge questions were and the scores were categorizes as follows: 34 = high. The total marks for the knowledge are 70 3.7 Ethical considerations The research was commenced only after receiving the approval of the Research Ethics Committee (MREC) of the Faculty of Health Sciences- University Technology Mara, and the local authority from Dean, Medicine and Health Science Faculty UniSZA, written informed consent was sought from the study participants at the commencement of the study. The aims and objectives of the research were introduced to the participants.. They were informed that their participation was voluntary and they were free to decline from the study at any stage. Participants were assured of their confidentiality while they participated in the study and privacy was maintained by not writing their names on the question CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 4.1.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents Forty female student nursing student are participate in this study .the table of the social demographic characterized are shown on table 1. Majority of the female nursing student are same age, single and same educational level because they are join nursing course after Malaysian Certificated Education (SPM) Table 1 Variables Frequency % Age 0 0% 20 and above 40 100% Education level Secondary 0 0 Tertiary level 40 100% Marital status Single 40 100% Married 0 0 Widowed 0 0 Number of children none 0 0 1-3 0 0 4-5 0 0 >6 0 0 4.1.2 Level of knowledge 4.1.3 Symptoms of breast cancer Very few of the respondents that only 5 (12.5% ) knew that pain is not a symptom of breast cancer. Majority of the respondents 37 (92.5%) knew that lump in the breast is a symptom of breast cancer. The commonest presentation of breast cancer which is a painless breast lump only a third 16(40%) of the respondents knew about it. A very of the respondents 4 (10%) knew about nipple discharge as a symptom of breast cancer, while more of the respondents 35(87.5%) had knowledge on skin changes as shown on table 2 below. Symptom True % False % Pain in the breast 35 87.5 5 12.5 Lump in the breast 37 92.5 3 7.5 Painless lump 16 40 24 60 Nipple discharge 4 10 36 90 Skin changes 35 87.5 5 12.5 (Correct answer are highlighted in bold) 4.1.4 Risk factor of breast cancer Only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) did not knew about family history of breast cancer as a risk factor. That is same with risk factor where only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) knew about never given birth as a risk factor for breast cancer. This also applied to having many children, only one third of the respondents 11(27.5%) knew that it was not a risk factor. More than half of the respondents 30 (75%) knew that advancing age is also a risk factor for breast cancer. More than a half of the respondents 37(92.5%) knew that breast feeding is not a risk factor for breast cancer. Very few of the respondents 5(12.5%) had knowledge that oral contraceptive is a risk factor for breast cancer. Only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) knew that tobacco intake as well as excessive alcohol intake are risk factors for breast cancer respectively. One third of the respondents 12(30%) knew that high dietary intake is a risk factor. Being obese as one of the risk factor and more than half of the respondents 28(70%) knew about it. Thin women is not a risk factor for breast cancer only 19(47.5%) knew about it, as shown on the table 3. Statement true % false % Family history 39 97.5 1 2.5 Never giving birth 1 2.5 39 97.5 Having many children 29 72.5 11 27.5 Advancing age 10 25 30 75 Breast feeding 37 92.5 3 7.5 OCP 5 12.5 35 87.5 Tobacco intake 1 2.5 39 97.5 Excessive alcohol intake 1 2.5 39 97.5 High dietary fat intake 12 30 28 70 Obesity 28 70 12 30 Thin women 21 52.5 19 47.5 (Correct answer are highlighted in bold) 4.1.5 Protective factor of breast cancer Table 4 below shows the protective factors for breast cancer, All of the respondents 40(100%) and most of them knew that breast feeding is a protective factor for breast cancer and they also knew that not to be a breast feeding is not protective factor for breast cancer . The fact that you are young you are protected from the breast cancer, however half of the respondents 22(55%) knew about it. Having first child at older age almost half of the respondents 17(42.5%) knew that it is not a protective factor. Table 4 statement true % false % Breast feeding 40 100 0 O Not to breast feeding 6 15 34 85 Young age 22 55 18 45 Erderly primid 23 57.5 17 42.5 (Correct answer are highlighted in bold) 4.1.6 Method can detect breast cancer Majority of the respondents 39(97.5%), and 38(95%) knew that breast self-examination, clinical breast examination and mammogr

Oil Industry and Nigerian Development Essay -- A Level Essays

Oil Industry and Nigerian Development Oil is one of the most valuable natural resources in the world today. The oil industry carries with it a great deal of economic and political power across the globe. Having oil, or any natural resource, as a prime source of revenue has long been debated as being an advantage or a drawback. In any case it should at least lead to increased revenue and financing of industrial growth which, arguably, is related to an increase in the quality of life of the population. In the case of Nigeria, the oil industry is a double-edged sword. Since the discovery of oil in 1956, the oil industry in Nigeria has greatly increased the financial resources of Nigeria, and yet has proven a constant stumbling block in the creation of effective internal capability. The development of cutting edge technology and infrastructure, considering the resources available, has been marginal and the oil industry itself has not been extremely competitive (at least in expectations) on the global market. As the largest n ation in Africa, a safe assumption should be that Nigeria is among the leaders in development as a whole, or at least be progressing toward that. The oil industry has, however, interfered somewhat in the development of alternative industries. In addition, even though it is directly associated with problems in leadership, corruption has been established as a normal order of business in Nigeria’s government and dealings with oil and has grown along with the industry. While the oil industry has introduced many significant problems in Nigeria, both socially and economically, there is still promise in what it can provide for the nation while oil remains in abundance. There are some positive examples across the glob... ...formation Administration, Dept. of Energy. 31 Oct. 2004 . Nigeria: Oil and Gas Industry. 12 July 2000. Mbendi: Information for Africa. 31 Oct. 2004 . Nigeria: Oil, Poverty, and Rights 2. 4 July 2002. Africa Action. 1 Nov. 2004 . OIL AND NATURAL GAS IN NIGERIA. Human Rights Watch. 11 Feb. 2005 . Olukoya, Sam. Oil Industry Crisis Worsening. 29 July 2004. Inter Press Service. 1 Nov. 2004 . Rodriguez, Fransisco. Why Do Resource Abundant Economies Grow More Slowly? 10 Mar. 2005 . Stevens, Christopher. Nigeria: Economic Prospects to 1985. London: EIU, 1982. Oil Industry and Nigerian Development Essay -- A Level Essays Oil Industry and Nigerian Development Oil is one of the most valuable natural resources in the world today. The oil industry carries with it a great deal of economic and political power across the globe. Having oil, or any natural resource, as a prime source of revenue has long been debated as being an advantage or a drawback. In any case it should at least lead to increased revenue and financing of industrial growth which, arguably, is related to an increase in the quality of life of the population. In the case of Nigeria, the oil industry is a double-edged sword. Since the discovery of oil in 1956, the oil industry in Nigeria has greatly increased the financial resources of Nigeria, and yet has proven a constant stumbling block in the creation of effective internal capability. The development of cutting edge technology and infrastructure, considering the resources available, has been marginal and the oil industry itself has not been extremely competitive (at least in expectations) on the global market. As the largest n ation in Africa, a safe assumption should be that Nigeria is among the leaders in development as a whole, or at least be progressing toward that. The oil industry has, however, interfered somewhat in the development of alternative industries. In addition, even though it is directly associated with problems in leadership, corruption has been established as a normal order of business in Nigeria’s government and dealings with oil and has grown along with the industry. While the oil industry has introduced many significant problems in Nigeria, both socially and economically, there is still promise in what it can provide for the nation while oil remains in abundance. There are some positive examples across the glob... ...formation Administration, Dept. of Energy. 31 Oct. 2004 . Nigeria: Oil and Gas Industry. 12 July 2000. Mbendi: Information for Africa. 31 Oct. 2004 . Nigeria: Oil, Poverty, and Rights 2. 4 July 2002. Africa Action. 1 Nov. 2004 . OIL AND NATURAL GAS IN NIGERIA. Human Rights Watch. 11 Feb. 2005 . Olukoya, Sam. Oil Industry Crisis Worsening. 29 July 2004. Inter Press Service. 1 Nov. 2004 . Rodriguez, Fransisco. Why Do Resource Abundant Economies Grow More Slowly? 10 Mar. 2005 . Stevens, Christopher. Nigeria: Economic Prospects to 1985. London: EIU, 1982.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I'm sure everyone here has seen a picture of a mother duck leading her ducklings. Imagine the mother duck taking her ducklings up some stairs. The mother duck easily climbs the first stair and waits for the other little ducks to climb up. The first duckling stretches its wings as high up in the air as it can and stands on the tips of its little webbed feet. With a little help from its beak it manages to barely make the first step. Sometimes it requires a little help from mama duck to boost itself up. Despite the cute and rather funny part of this picture, it is possible to learn a lot from the ducks. The two ideas we can gain from them are leadership and following. In life each one of us is a leader and a follower at some point. Leadership is of key importance to the Christian, and also simply to every person. It is easy to imagine the kind of world that would ensue as a result of no leadership. There would be utter chaos and nothing positive would get done. Often we think of leaders as people with great authority such as the President of the United States, bosses of major corporations, and in the case of school, the principal and teachers. But the fact that does not readily present itself to us is that each one of us in some way or another is a leader. Everyone leads at some point in their life whether they realize it or not. Younger generations always look up to and follow older generations. Although they may not admit it, I am sure the underclassmen at our school have followed the lead and example of the Class of 2006. This is an awesome task to undertake: that of leadership. It is important to constantly remind yourself that someone is watching and following your lead. Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 11:1, "Follow my examp... ...e tool in dealing with the problems that life throws our way. As a follower we must choose wisely who we associate with. A close group of friends can provide many things that help us along life's path in the Christian walk. Good Friends can provide support through tough times, accountability, and good fellowship. Leadership and following are not generally thought of as interconnected, though each one of us is both a leader and a follower. As a leader we must be a good example and a servant. As a follower we must choose wisely who to look up to and associate with and ultimately we must follow the perfect lead of Jesus Christ. I encourage everyone here, and especially the graduating class of 2006, to remember you are a leader, leading others to know Christ and His perfect plan for them, and a follower, learning to follow Christ and His perfect plan for ourselves.

Etiquette of a Victorian Lady :: Victorian Women

Etiquette of a Victorian Lady In both the upper and middle classes, there were certain expectations, or guiding principles that women had to follow in order to be called a lady. There were numerous etiquette guides and books published in this time period regarding dining, beauty, and social activities, and most of the newspapers and women's magazines included articles on how to be the perfect Victorian Lady. These are some of the most interesting forms of etiquette. Ballroom Etiquette A Lady should always have an easy, becoming and graceful movement while engaged in a quadrille or promenade. It is more pleasing to the gentleman. --from â€Å"Etiquette for the Ball Room† Women were supposed to always be graceful and even something as enjoyable as dancing had to look effortless, and the woman always had to make sure that she appeared elegant and refined. It also has a reference to the fact that when dancing, the goal of the woman's etiquette was to please the man. Another mannerism that Victorian women followed in the ball room was that a lady should not attend a public ball without an escort, or that no lady should ever be left unattended (â€Å"Etiquette for the Ball Room†). This is just another example of how a woman needed a man in order for her to fit into society. It was considered rude if a woman were to ever be seen alone at a ball. Dressing Room Etiquette The dressing room of a lady was supposed to be her sanctuary, or a place where nobody except for her ever entered. It was a place where women were meant to admire themselves and make themselves look presentable at all times for their husbands. â€Å"The husband should always find the wife fresh, beautiful, sweet as a flower† (â€Å"The Lady's Dressing Room†). The dressing room was a place where the woman was to be vain and cover up or hide any imperfections that she may have had. The article above also asks, what is life or love without illusions? In order for her husband to be pleased, the woman was to retire to the dressing room and make herself beautiful, even if it included tricks. Above all, it was private. A lady was to look beautiful at all times, but make it look like it didn't take any effort at all. This was also the place in which the specific hairstyles of Victorian Ladies were created. It was proper etiquette to always wear the hair up.

The American Response to the Holocaust

The Holocaust is considered as one of the most violent and controversial events in the history of the world. This was a time which showed the devastating oppression and persecution of the Jewish people. Because of it, the United States of America was forced to take drastic measures against the Nazi Regime. Nevertheless, the expected response coming from the U. S. was futile. It is very interesting to analyze as to the reasons behind the events during that time, especially with how the United States of America responded.The Holocaust is described as the â€Å"systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators† (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2008). The word â€Å"Holocaust† originated from a Greek word, which means â€Å"sacrifice by fire. † In January 1933, the Nazis hold authority in Germany. They believed that the Germans belong to a superior race and the Jews are believed to be inferior as compared to them. The Jews are also perceived as a threat to the German race, which is the reason the Nazi regime ordered the annihilation of the Jews.The German also attacked other groups that they deemed as racially inferior like the gypsies, disabled, and some Slavic people. Moreover, other groups were also targeted due to ideological and behavioral reasons such as the Communists, Socialists, and even homosexuals (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2008). During the Second World War, the United States of America did not even attempt to rescue the Jews and other victims of the holocaust as this was not included in their list of priorities.Even the people responsible in the policy making process of the allied forces also did not know how would they be able to implement a rescue operations for these victims. The difficulties in aiding for these people are largely due to the problem of obtaining visas for them to the United States.The ideas of anti-s emitism or the prejudice against Jews, isolationism, xenophobia or the fear of foreigners as well as the situation of economic depression and the refugee policy of the U. S. State Department led by Cordell Hull made the entry of refugees in the country very problematic (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2008. The U. S. immigration policy indeed had an adverse effect in rescuing the people under the German atrocities and this is clearly seen in the incident of the S. S. St. Louis.When St. Louis sails from Hamburg to Havana, there were 937 Jewish refugees on board who were trying to escape the German persecution. Each refugee has a valid visa that would allow them to enter Cuba temporarily.However, as the boat arrived in Havana the Cuban government announced that the visas were invalid and prohibited their entry into the country. Negotiations were made with the Cuban government as well as with the U. S. government to allow the refugees to enter their countries but these did not succeed. The boat stayed for 12 days in the port of Havana and then in Miami afterwards it was forced to return to Europe. As a consequence majority of the passengers died in the duration of the war (Glazer, 2006).The Roosevelt administration also did not do much efforts to aid the victims as well as the refugees of the Nazi because they deemed that the best means to save these people is by winning the war against Germany as quickly as possible. It was only when the refugee problem was worsening that President Roosevelt established the War Refugee Board, an independent agency that has the responsibility of saving the Nazi's civilian victims. However, the agency rescued refugees coming from the free zones instead of the territories invaded by the Nazis (Glazer, 2006).In the spring of 1944, the Allied governments were already aware of the massive gassings that are taking place in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Jewish leaders have already begged the U. S. government to destroy the gas chambers a s well as the railways towards the camp. Instead, the U. S. air force bombs the Auschwitz-Monowitz industrial complex that is five miles away from the gas chamber. The reason behind such decision is due to the fact that not bombing the gas chamber and the railways leading to it is was part of the United States' wartime policy (Glazer, 2006).Basically, rescuing the victims of the holocaust especially the Jewish population is highly dependent in the wartime policy of the U. S. It is just unfortunate that rescue operations are not a priority in their policy. There have been efforts coming from the American Jewish community to saved their fellow Jews who were being persecuted but they, were afraid that this would result in a stronger feeling of domestic anti-semitism and jeopardizing their relationship with the Roosevelt administration.The lack of interest of the U. S. government in rescuing the victims of the holocaust is the primary reasons such efforts only fell on deaf ears (Glazer, 2006).References Glazer,S. D. (2006). Winning the War. Retrieved July 5, 2008, from http//myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Modern/Overview_The_Story_19141948/The_Holocaust/AmericaResponds. htm.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (2008). The Holocaust. Retrieved July 5, 2008, from http://www. ushmm. org/wlc/article. php? lang=en&ModuleId=10005143.

Outline/Essay thesis Essay

Outline I. Setting A) â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson: The setting of Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† takes place June 27th on a warm, sunny day in a small town, between ten in the morning and noon, specifically in the village square between the post office and the bank. B) â€Å"The Destructors† by Graham Greene: The setting of Graham Greene’s â€Å"The Destructors† takes place in a post-war period in a London town, more specifically in a lot of an old man, Old Misery’s, home. II. Irony A) â€Å"The Lottery†: In this short story, the town’s inhabitants are gathered in the town square for the lottery drawing. The word â€Å"Lottery† may have the reader thinking that there is to be some type of prize to be collected for one person out of the many townspeople. Yet, the lottery depicted in this short story is more horrifying. Each person is required to pick a slip of paper from an old black box, and if a person receives a slip of paper that has a bold black dot on it, they are closed in on and stoned to death. B) â€Å"The Destructors†: In this short story, one area involving irony may be between the characters Blackie and Trevor. Blackie is the original leader of the boys’ small gang. He controls what is done and how it is executed. Trevor rarely speaks, only voting yes or no to the gang’s plans, up until he mentions the plan to destroy Old Misery’s home. Also, Trevor is the son of an architect. Old Misery’s house was built by a famous architect, so it is ironic that he’d want to destroy the home. III. Symbols A) â€Å"The Lottery†: One symbol found in this short story is the black box from which the slips of paper are pulled. The box itself is black, possibly representing the oncoming death of the one who pulls the slip of paper with the black dot on it. The box was said to be worn down, meaning it had been used for many years now; A tradition that the people in the town were not willing to break. B) â€Å"The Destructors†: Old Misery’s home is settled in a  poverty and post-war stricken neighborhood, yet through the destruction stood his house, built by the famous architect Christopher Wren. Trevor knew who Wren was because the architect works with upper class people, being that he used to be one of them before the war took place. Thesis The short stories â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"The Destructors† by Graham Greene hold as many similarities as well as differences, starting with each story’s settings. In â€Å"The Lottery†, the setting is a small town of no more than 300 people. It is a warm and sunny day, and the townspeople, both old and young. Have gathered in the village square to take part in this town tradition. In â€Å"The Destructors†, the setting is in a poverty and post-war stricken neighborhood, in the lot of Old Misery’s home, where the gang of young boys gathered every day. Around the neighborhood, as well as the town, lie ruins of homes and other buildings. Other aspects that stood out in these two short stories were the use of irony. In â€Å"The Lottery†, one would expect the word â€Å"Lottery† to have a good meaning, as if they had won something beneficial. Yet, the Lottery turned out to be more gruesome and inhumane than expected. In â€Å"The Destructors†, one of the most notable pieces of irony found was the switch of leadership roles between Blackie, the original gang leader, and Trevor, the quiet son of an architect. Trevor did not say much except when it came to voting on the gang’s doings, which usually required no more than a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†. A similarity that these two short stories had with one another were how they ended. Both stories did not end happily. Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† ended up with a woman being stoned to death by the entire townspeople, which included her children and her husband, as well as friends that had been made before the lottery had taken place. â€Å"The Destructors† ended with the gang successfully destroying Old Misery’s home after working diligently and skillfully to tear the house down from the inside.

How criminals have adapted to technology Essay

Technology has made our world increasingly open and vulnerable (Goodman, 2012). As companies develop amazing technology for good purposes, criminals can use that same technology to hurt people. It is a bad assumption to believe that crime-stopping technology cannot be used against the system. Lawbreakers can develop and use technology for the sole purpose of committing crimes and new technologies produce the risks of unanticipated, undesirable risks and consequences (Cole, Smith, & DeJong, 2014). There are so many different types of new technology that criminals use and that the system uses. Criminals use cyber-crime to break into people’s accounts, and counterfeiting to steal from companies, just to name a couple. Police use computers a lot for their work. New programs, like the Geographic Information System, are useful for mapping problem locations to deal with specific crime. All kinds of information can be collected in law enforcement databases: fingerprints, tattoos, DNA samples, and gun/ballistic records. I think the biggest threat to society from their adaptation is the fact that personal information is so open to the public now. Criminals have grown with the technology and know how to get credit card numbers, addresses, and so much that is very dangerous for them to have and abuse. Reference Cole, G., Smith, C., & DeJong, C. (2014). Criminal justice in america (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Goodman, M. (2012). How technology makes us vulnerable. CNN Opinion. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/29/opinion/goodman-ted-crime/.

E. M. Forster’s “A Passage to India” Essay

The chief argument against imperialism in E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India is that it prevents personal relationships. The central question of the novel is posed at the very beginning when Mahmoud Ali and Hamidullah ask each other â€Å"whether or no it is possible to be friends with an Englishman.† The answer, given by Forster himself on the last page, is â€Å"No, not yet†¦ No, not there.† Such friendship is made impossible, on a political level, by the existence of the British Raj. While having several important drawbacks, Forster’s anti-imperial argument has the advantage of being concrete, clear, moving, and presumably persuasive. It is also particularly well-suited to pursuit in the novel form, which traditionally has focused on interactions among individuals. Forster does much more in his book†¦than simply deride the intolerance of a few accidental individuals. He carefully shows how this intolerance results from the unequal power relationship between English and Indians, from the imperialistic relationship itself†¦ The process is best shown in the book in the case of Ronny, who has only recently come out from England to be City Magistrate of Chandrapore. Ronny was at first friendly towards the Indians, but he soon found that his position prevented such friendship. Shortly after his arrival he invited the lawyer Mahmoud All to have a smoke with him, only to learn later that clients began flocking to Ali in the belief that he had an in with the Magistrate. Ronny subsequently â€Å"dropped on him in Court as hard as I could. It’s taught me a lesson, and I hope him.† In this instance, it is clearly Ronny’s official position rather than any prior defect of the heart which disrupts the potential friendship. And it is his position in the imperial structure which causes his later defect, his lack of true regret when he tells his mother that now â€Å"I prefer my smoke at the club amongst my own sort, I’m afraid.† Forster tells us that â€Å"every human act in the East is tainted with officialism† and that â€Å"where there is officialism every human relationship suffers.† People cannot establish a friendship of equals when the Raj is based on an inequality of power†¦ The one possible exception to this process of corruption among Englishmen is Fielding. He is partially immune to the influence of the imperialistic power relationship because he works in education rather than government, and because, as he puts it, he â€Å"travels light†Ã¢â‚¬â€he has no hostages to fortune. Fielding establishes a friendship with Aziz and maintains it in defiance of all the other Anglo-Indians. There is some doubt, however, whether he can maintain this course and still remain in imperial India. He is obliged to quit the Club and says he will leave India altogether should Aziz be convicted. After Fielding marries Stella, thereby ceasing to travel light, and after he becomes associated with the government as a school inspector, he undergoes a marked change of attitude toward the Raj. It would surely be a mistake to continue, as several critics do, to identify Forster with Fielding past this point. The omniscient narrator pulls back and summarizes Fielding’s situation: â€Å"He had thrown in his lot with Anglo-India by marrying a countrywoman, and he was acquiring some of its limitations.† Like Ronny and the other English officials, Fielding begins to be corrupted by his position. Thinking of how Godbole’s school has degenerated into a granary, the new school inspector asserts that â€Å"Indians go to seed at once† away from the British. Fielding almost exactly echoes Ronny’s defense of the Raj to his mother when he excuses unpleasantness in the supposedly necessary imperial presence: he had â€Å"‘no further use for politeness,’ he said, meaning that the British Empire really can’t be abolished because it’s rude.† Fielding certainly did not start with a defect of the heart, but, as a result of his new position in the imperial structure, he is acquiring one. The English, of course, aren’t the only ones corrupted by imperialism. Although most of the Indians in the book have a nearly unbelievable desire to befriend Englishmen, they are ultimately turned from it by the political reality. Some succumb to self-interest. Mahmoud Ali, for example, seems to have been the first to subvert his budding friendship with Ronny by advertising their smoke to potential litigants. More often the Indians succumb to the fear, largely justified but occasionally erroneous, that they will be scorned and betrayed. The prime example is Aziz. He makes the horrible mistake of assuming that Fielding back in England has married his  enemy Adela and further that Fielding had urged him not to press damages against his false accuser so Fielding himself could enjoy Adela’s money. Aziz, of course, has been conditioned to expect betrayal from his experience with other Anglo-Indians, and this expectation provides an undercurrent to the friendship from the very beginning. After Fielding returns to India, and Aziz learns he really married Stella Moore, their relationship is partially retrieved, but the damage has been done. The new school inspector has shifted toward the Raj, and Aziz, now leery of all Englishmen, has become a nationalist, saying of India, â€Å"Not until she is a nation will her sons be treated with respect.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Android Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Android - Essay Example No computer system can be thought of a complete system without an operating system .Many pioneers in this field have taken the operating system concept to a new dimension. Out of all the operating system pioneers in the field, each of these has a common objective between them and that is to facilitate the common user in a better way, improve the experience of operating system and computer usage and take it to a further improved level. Background: The modern times are categorized by digital era. Computer has been a ubiquitous entity and has engulfed us in all dimensions. This expansion has changed the overall outlook of the world and its activities. This all started in the seventies decade when the operating systems and computing world took a new shape in form of personal computers. Since then the journey has been a continuous one has never stopped. The present day existence is a result of the journey covered in form of different operating systems and different companies contributing in their own right towards what we term as a digitally equipped 21st century. The introduction of smart phones and tablets have given a new dimension to the world of computing and thereby further expanded the market of digital devices with focus of customers on portable devices and their better services. History of Android Operating systems: Android operating system is one of the big names in the field of computing and operating system. It might not be as old as its compatriots that are in the field for over multiple decades, still it has made a name and is amongst the top operating systems and entities that are being sought after by the users. As of present the Android operating system enjoys an established position amongst the top three to five operating systems in the field of computing world. This has been made possible through the services, functionalities and features that it provides. The ultimate aim behind Android operating system has been to make the experience of computer usage most friendly and entertaining. Its origin: Android operating system came into its infancy not so long ago, and it was an endeavor and craftsmanship of two individuals named Nick Sears and Andy Rubin. Even they would have never thought that their product would go to an international level and would end up between amongst the top three operating systems in the world of computers. They designed the product with the motto of mobile devices that are smarter in their functionality and facilitate its users in terms of their choices and locations. What started off as an amateur venture by the two individuals, in few years time it caught the attention of Google Inc, and Google inc decided to purchase it, the case grew further strong when Open Handheld Alliance (O.H.A) incorporated Android operating system into its systems and services. O.H.A itself is a giant entity that has over 80 international brands under its umbrella all working in the field of communication, computers and servi ces. These include H.T.C, Samsung to name a few. The O.H.A and android together aim to provide a new medium to the users in form of enriched mobile phones as well as computing operating system which is designed with due consideration of the customers’ needs and requirements(Steele, et al 2011). Scope of Android: Android systems do not only facilitate the operating system clients and markets, rather they have number of other services to provide which are in form of application

What are the roles of men and women in marriage Essay

What are the roles of men and women in marriage - Essay Example He indicated this when He said "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him" (Genesis 2:18). God formed woman to round out mans incompleteness, so that physically, socially, emotionally, intellectually, and even spiritually, male and female would not be rivals, but mates (Coblentz, 141-178). It is worthwhile to note that God created man and woman on the same day with equal identity. That is, both were made in the image of God (Gen. 1:24-31) and both were given the mandate by God to "be fruitful and multiply and subdue the earth" (Gen. 1:28). God also formed woman from mans side (Gen. 2:21-22) as a helper comparable to him (Gen.2:18). The man and his wife were to become one flesh (Gen. 2:24). The home is the basic unit of society. In Genesis 2:24 we read, "Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and they shall become one flesh". Thus marriage and the home were established by God Himself and it was intended to l ast a lifetime (Matt. 19:6-9, Mal. 2:14-16). During the last few decades cultural changes has redefined the meaning and responsibilities of man and woman in society and in the home. However, there exist a lot of confusion regarding their roles. Many men are confused and insecure. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of a good role model for leadership at home and they have no mental picture of what it means to lead a family. The Bible makes it clear that while men and women are inherently equal (Gen. 1:27, I Cor. 11:11-12), the man is to take the leadership role in the home (Eph. 5:22-24, I Pet. 3:1-7, I Cor. 11:3,7-10, Gen. 1:26-27, Gen. 5, Gen. 18:19 etc.). This relates not only to the wife, but to the children as well (Eph. 6:4, Deut. 6:6-8, Prov. 3). In the scriptures true meaning of Christian marriage is mentioned in Ephesians 5:22-32 – â€Å"Wives, be subject to your own husbands, as to the Lord. For the

Explaining a Concept Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Explaining a Concept Research Paper - Essay Example This research paper, therefore, purpose to provide the definition of human trafficking as well as elucidating how it differs from human smuggling. The document will also argue in detail the aspect of Minor Sex Trafficking and mention new laws that defend victim’s necessities. Undoubtedly the role of Christian organizations is crucial in providing assistance to the victims of sexual trafficking. After that, the discussion will also mention some of the organizations that contribute to psychological and financial support to the victims of this unpleasant experience. Global human trafficking is estimated to be about 600,000 to 4,000,000 with the majority of human trafficking individuals being victims of sex trafficking. According to De Chesnay, sex trafficking is explained as the conscription, sheltering, shipping, necessitating, or acquiring of people for the intentions of commercial sex, (De Chesnay 1990). Notably, human trafficking differs from human smuggling because the latter involves a situation where a person freely requests to be transported outside the country of birth of migration. Trafficking in persons, on the other hand, refers to trade in humans, most commonly for the purpose of sexual slavery. Trafficking is not only illegal but also a serious crime that result to a severe violation of the human’s rights. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, human trafficking has increased dramatically to the point of being an epidemic, (United Nations 47-48). Even though, the United States Government knows about this crime; it is very difficult to estimate the real number of victims because many of these victims do not report their victimization. Hartjen & Priyadarsini (2012) claims that the State Government estimates that about 14,500 to 17,500 people cross over into the United States annually, (Hartjen & Priyadarsini 173). David Hodge argues further that most of the trafficking in the United States involves citizens that have