Criminology Theory Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminology Theory Assessment - Essay Example Before embarking upon the topic under analysis, it would be quite advisable to discuss the criminal activities observed by Bernard Madoff. Madoff belongs to a Jewish family of the USA, who laid the foundation of a penny stock under the title Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC in 1960 and got it registered at Wall Street as a small trading firm. The firm made huge business during the course of time, and hundreds of businessmen invested their money from its platform at stock exchange. The main reason behind its popularity was its secret attractive profit offers, as the company offered extra percentage in profit than its competitors. From the 1970s right on through to 2008, Bernie Madoff was certainly responsible for making some of his clients’ money.   However, as will become apparent later on in this discussion, that money was not made honestly. (madoffscandal.com) Consequently, he earned respectable name and fame as a young energetic Wall Street businessman within f ew years of his entry into the stock market. By the early 1980s his firm was one of the largest independent trading operations in the securities industry. (NYT, 2009) Being a very social person by nature, Madoff entered into business contracts with the big investors during his visits at clubs, restaurants and ceremonies with the promise of extra profit generated for them by his company. Initially, he tapped local money pulled in from country clubs and charity dinners, where investors sought him out to casually plead with him to manage their savings so they could start reaping the steady, solid returns their envied friends were getting. (Henriques, 2008) The investors appeared to be satisfied with the lucrative and steady profit transactions made by Madoff Securities, and did not express even slightest signs of doubts regarding fraud or misrepresentation at the company’s end. Hence, the number of investors observed significant increase at the company. However, the nature and m ethodology, adopted by the company, regarding offering profit to the investors appeared to be dubious and shocking for the competitor firms, which were already suspicious about the secret activities of the Madoff Securities. Consequently, it was discovered that Madoff had adopted the largest Ponzi scheme by exercising dishonesty with the investments made by the clients of his company. Madoff confessed of committing fraud with estimated investor losses of about $50 billion by inflicting the Ponzi scheme upon them. A Ponzi scheme is a swindle offering unusually high returns, with early investors paid off with money from later investors. (Honan & Wilchins, 2008) The court announced 150 years imprisonment sentence to Madoff for his crime. Though Madoff pleaded guilty of committing dishonesty and fraud with his investors, he also blames banks and financial institutions for their criminal negligence of performing blindness to his activities. Since these financial institutions were well aw are of all the transactions being made, they could have brought it to the limelight in order to stop Madoff from sticking to the same Ponzi scheme. Here appears the Social Control Theory: Articulated by Travis Hirschi in 1969, social control theory states that social control depends upon people anticipating the consequences of their behavior. (Macionis, 2007: 231) In other words, crime rate can witness imperative decreases in the society provided the criminals foresee the outcome of their

Project management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Project management - Coursework Example According to Snedaker & Rogers (2006), for a project to be successful, it needs to have carefully designed programs, which provide a direction for the achievement of the project goals and objectives. In this regard, a program can be described as a series of different items, events or performances that guide the project’s implementation. Another important aspect of effective business management is portfolio management, which combines management activities for projects and programs. Portfolio management can be defined as the process of central management for one or many portfolios (Bonham 2005). These portfolios include such aspects as identifying, giving priority, authorizing and later management and controlling of programs, projects and different tasks that are linked towards achieving the broad goals of the business. As a manager in ABC Company, I have been tasked with ensuring that the company becomes successful in its operations. To achieve this, I have had to identify smaller projects that can be managed effectively in achieving the company’s mission and vision. Being a company that deals in software development, the staff has been grouped according to their professional experience and specialization into teams that manage certain projects (Bonham 2005). One of the projects being undertaken involves development of websites and online tools for our client. This project is undertaken by a team of technology experts, who come up with programs that guide the implementation of strategies in mangling the projects. A series of projects being undertaken in the company make up its portfolio. As a manager, my responsibility of often empowering the particular project managers to be successful in their projects, thus making the company successful. Each of these elements have people that head them, with a hierarchical structure of leadership that aids in communication and information flow vertically or horizontally for the success of the company. Wide

Mineral Mapping of the Chitradurga Schist Belt

Mineral Mapping of the Chitradurga Schist Belt Mineral mapping of the Chitradurga Schist Belt: A remote sensing approach to delineate potential resources Introduction: The Optimum utilization of natural resources is major and important objective of a Country. However the Policy makers making decisions about allocating land use to reach the competing demands sources the reliable information of these natural resources very important prerequisite as it enables decision- making agencies to estimate prospective benefits from different uses of the land and prioritize them based on social and economic needs of the society. It is easy to map the surface exposed spatial data such as water body, soil, forests etc where as other natural resources such mineral deposits occur below the land surface and cannot map directly, but it possible to map mineral potential zones. For many developing countries, however, there is a general lack of geoexploration data required for a reliable and comprehensive nationwide mineral potential assessment and classification. This lack of geoexploration data and nationwide comprehensive mineral potential assessment and classification have brought about conflicts and competing demands between land-uses that permit mineral resources development and those that promote protection of ecosystems (Domingo, 1993). The mineral potential assessment and classification of an area is critical for land-use policymaking so that prospective land is not alienated from mineral resources development in the future (McCammon and Briskey, 1992; McLaren, 1992). In order to achieve mineral potential assessment and classification despite the lack or incompleteness of systematic and comprehensive geoexploration datasets alternative methodologies are needed. The term ‘mineralization’ refers to the collective geological processes that lead to the formation of mineral deposits (Bateman, 1951b) The term ‘mineral potential’ describes the possibility of the presence of mineral deposits or mineralization. Mineral potential assessment or classification is a multi-stage activity with the ultimate objective of delineating mineralised zones that can be exploited under prevailing economic conditions (Reeves et al., 1990). Mineral potential assessment or classification is a multi-stage activity with the ultimate objective of delineating mineralized zones that can be exploited under prevailing economic conditions (Reeves et al., 1990). Ideally, during each stage, multivariate and multi-source geoexploration datasets are used to guide the succeeding stages of mineral potential assessment and classification. At the small and medium-scale stage (i.e., regional to district scale ranging from 1:50,000 to 1:100,000), for example, the geoexploration datasets required should be derived from geological, geophysical and geochemical surveys. The increasing need to integrate geoexploration datasets arises from the fact that the easily-recognized mineral deposits have long been known and that more evidences and advanced methods are necessary to accurately assess and classify the mineral potential of a particular area (Bonham-Carter, 1997; Chinn and Ascough, 1997; Raines, 1997; Pan and Harris, 2000). Mineral potential, as used in this research, is the set of characteristics attributed to a particular area that describes the probability for the presence of mineral deposits or existence of mineralization. Factors affecting economic viability of mineral deposits are not considered in this definition because the geological and mineral deposit data that are available are insufficient to determine sizes and grades of mineral deposits. Mineral potential is determined by how well the geological and mineral deposit data fit established mineral deposit models and existing knowledge about the mineralization of a particular area. Mineral potential statements that arise from this research are estimates, rather than facts, because of the dynamic and variable nature of geological knowledge and the mineral exploration environment. It is, however, of prime importance that these statements establish the potential for the discovery of mineral deposits. The geologically-constrained predictive mineral potential maps generated in this research are based on two factors: favourability and validity. Favourability is determined by integration of geological variables that are considered essential for mineral occurrence. Validity is determined by how well the predictive models delineate correctly known mineral deposits that were not used to generate the models. These two factors are important for assessing the efficacy of the methodologies developed for geologically-constrained predictive mapping of mineral potential. Mineral deposits, whether metalliferous or non-metalliferous, are accumulations or con- centrations of one or more useful substances that are for the most part sparsely distributed in the Earth’s crust (Bateman, 1951a). The geological processes that lead to the formation of mineral deposits are collectively called mineralization (Bateman, 1951b). The term ‘mineral potential’ describes the possibility of the presence of mineral deposits or mineralization. Mineral potential does not take into account economic factors such as deposit grade, tonnage, physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics, nature and thickness of overburden, availability of man power and technology, market demand, etc., as these are typically unknown during mineral potential mapping. Mineral potential mapping of an area involves demarcation of potentially mineralized zones based on geologic features that exhibit significant spatial association with target mineral deposits. These features, which are termed recognition criteria, are spatial features indicative of various genetic earth processes that acted conjunctively to form the deposits in the area. Recognition criteria are sometimes directly observable; more often, their presence is inferred from their responses in various spatial datasets, which are appropriately processed to enhance and extract the recognition criteria to obtain evidential or predictor maps. Remote sensing, as a direct adjunct to field, lithologic and structural mapping, and more recently, GIS have played an important role in the study of mineralized areas. A review on the application of remote sensing in mineral resource mapping is attempted here. It involves understanding the application of remote sensing in lithologic, structural and alteration mapping. Remote sensing becomes an important tool for locating mineral deposits, in its own right, when the primary and secondary processes of mineralization result in the formation of spectral anomalies. Reconnaissance lithologic mapping is usually the first step of mineral resource mapping. This is complimented with structural mapping, as mineral deposits usually occur along or adjacent to geologic structures, and alteration mapping, as mineral deposits are commonly associated with hydrothermal alteration of the surrounding rocks. In addition to these, understanding the use of hyperspectral remote sensing is crucial as hypers pectral data can help identify and thematically map regions of exploration interest by using the distinct absorption features of most minerals. Finally coming to the exploration stage, GIS forms the perfect tool in integrating and analyzing various georeferenced geoscience data in selecting the best sites of mineral deposits or rather good candidates for further exploration. Spectral identification of potential areas of hydrothermal alteration minerals is a common application of remote sensing to mineral exploration. The extraction of spectral information related to this type of target from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery has been achieved through the use of image processing techniques such as band ratioing and principal component analysis (PCA) (Sabine 1999). With the limited spectral resolution provided by Landsat TM, alteration mapping has been restricted to the detection of areas where alteration processes are likely to have occurred—the TM visible and near-infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands are only able to discriminate areas rich in iron oxides/hydroxides and clay and carbonate minerals, respectively. When one collects multivariate data in some field of application a redundancy effect often arises because of covariation between variables. An interesting issue in reduction of dimensionality of the data is the desire to obtain simplicity for better understanding, visualizing and interpreting the data on the one hand, and the desire to retain sufficient detail for adequate representation on the other hand. E.g. a remote sensing device typically measures the emitted intensity at a number of discrete wavelengths or wavelength intervals for each element in a regular grid. This â€Å"repetition† of the measurement at different wavelengths induces a high degree of redundancy in the dataset. This can be used for noise reduction and data compression. A traditional method used in this context is the celebrated principal components transformation. This is a pixel-wise operation that does not take the spatial nature of image data into account. Also, principal components will not always produce components that show decreasing image quality with increasing component number. It is perfectly imaginable that certain types of noise have higher variance than certain types of signal components. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a mathematical technique for reducing the dimensionality of a data set (Jackson, 1983). Because digital remote sensing images are numeric, their dimensionality can be reduced using this technique. In multi-band remote sensing images, the bands are the original variables. Some of the original bands may be highly correlated and, to save on data storage space and computing time, such bands could be combined into new, less correlated eigen images by PCA. In addition to its use in this way, PCA can be used as a change detection technique in remote sensing (Jensen, 1986; Fung and LeDrew, 1987; Muchoney and Haack, 1994). Principally, there are two ways in which PCA can be used in change detection (Jensen, 1986; Muchoney and Haack, 1994): 1. Independent data transformation analysis in which multitemporal image data sets are spectrally enhanced separately using PCA. Each image is then separately classified for use in post classification change detection. 2. Merged data transformation in which all the bands from the n dimensional multitemporal image data set are registered and treated as a single N dimensional data set as input to the PCA (where n is the number of bands per image, N = n x the number of image dates). Approach two is applied in this work, which assessed wetland change on the Kafue Flats in Zambia. The aim was to assess the potentials and limitations of using PCA for change detection on this heterogeneous land cover scene. Whereas the methodology is not new and has been demonstrated elsewhere (e.g. Fung and LeDrew, 1987), this is yet another example demonstrating its use. Computationally, three steps are involved in the principal component transformation (Eklundh and Singh, 1993). The first is the calculation of a covariance or correlation matrix using the input data sets, the second is the calculation of eigen values and eigen vectors, and the third is the calculation of principal components. The principal components calculated using the covariance matrix are referred to as unstandardized principal components, and those calculated using the correlation matrix are referred to as standardized principal components (Eklundh and Singh, 1993; ERDAS Inc., 1994). The use of a correlation matrix, in calculating principal components, implies scaling of the axes so that each feature has unit variance. This normalisation process prevents certain features from dominating the analysis because of their large numerical values. Because unstandardized PCA preserves the dynamic range of the original data in the analysis, it was employed in this work in preference over standardized PCA. Broad band remote sensing systems, such as the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS, 4 bands) and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM, 7 bands), Drastically under sample the information content available from a reflectance spectrum by making only a few measurements in spectral bands up to several hundred nanometers wide. Imaging spectrometers, on the other hand, a sample at close intervals (bands on the order of tens of nanometers wide) and have a sufficient number of spectral bands to allow construction of spectra that closely resemble those measured on the laboratory instruments. Imaging spectrometry is defined as ‘the simultaneous acquision of images in many narrow, contiguous spectral bands’ ( Goetz et al., 1985). Analysis of imaging spectrometer data allows data allows extraction of detailed spectrum for each picture element (pixel) of the image. High spectral resolution reflectance spectra collected by imaging spectrometers allow direct identification ( and in some instances . Abundance determinations) of individual materials based upon their reflectance characteristics including minerals( Goetz et al., 1985: Lang et al., 1987: Pieters 1994: Clark et al., 1996: Board man and Huntington, 1996: Crowley and Zimbelman,1996),

Legalization :: essays research papers

Marijuana and other â€Å"pleasure† drug are outlawed completely under Federal Statues, banned by virtually every state as well†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is not likely that excessive use of marijuana does fog the brain and causes other harm, as its enemies claim†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But this isn’t crucial point being interpreted. The key point is that if you accept the Libertarian promise that your life is your own and not the state’s, the government doesn’t have any business telling you what you can and can not do. With the exception of prohibiting you from using force or fraud against others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marijuana, the flowering tops of the cannabis plant should be legalized. Marijuana and Hemp has many benefits including medical, economical, libertarian, and political.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marijuana, or cannabis, is commonly described as a recreational drug. In the Unites States, it has been considered an illegal narcotic for the past sixty to seventy years. Cannabis presently is a political issue. The public and officials everywhere are discussing many issues, which concern it. When smoked or ingested, it produces a physical or mental psychological affect. The government considers the narcotic to be harmful to the nation. They believe that the drug causes health problems and accidents. Until recently, these laws have been unarguable in every state. In 1996 Propositions 215 and 200 were voted into effect in the states of California and Arizona. The propositions amend consisting laws allowing physicians to recommend marijuana as medicine and patients to grow, posses, and use it. Hemp is a form of cannabis that has been rediscovered as a natural resource. It was also banned in the 1930’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Propositions 215 amend laws to allow patients to grow and posses marijuana with doctor’s recommendation. People suffering or dying can receive a written or oral recommendation, if their doctor feels it will help them physically or mentally. In California, proposition 215 is called the Compassionate Use Act of 1996. It’s proposal won 56 % to 44% among California citizens and is beginning to take effect now. In Arizona, a similar act was passed called proposition 200. Many people, including doctors, law officials, political officials, and AIDS patients argue in favor of the proposition. They claim that cannabis is very effective in treating cancer, glaucoma, and AIDS, as well as many other illnesses. They see no reason why doctors are allowed to prescribe addictive, powerful, and lethal drugs like morphine, but are prohibited to distribute or recommend marijuana.

Cell Organelles and the Production of a Protein

Using a human cell of your choice, describe how organelles work together to make and secrete a protein (LO1. AC 1. 1) An epithelial cell in the thyroid gland, called a thyrocyte forms spherical follicles that produce a protein called thyroglobulin. This is a globular protein that has a functional role in metabolism. The protein is used by the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones; thyroxine (T4) is an example of one of the hormones created. Thyroxine is formed by iodine binding to tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin molecules, inside the follicle cell. www. vivo. colostate. edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/thyroid/chem. html) This hormone regulates growth and controls the rate of chemical reactions in the body. This image is from: http://classes. midlandstech. com/carterp/Courses/bio211/chap16/chap16. htm Before the thyroid hormone can be secreted from the thyroid follicle cell, the thyrocyte needs to make the protein thyroglobluin, by different organelles in the cell. There are many organelles inside the cell, however only specific organelles make and secrete thyroglobulin.The Nucleus (the largest organelle inside the cell) controls all the different organelles within the follicle cell, and instructs each organelle on how to synthesis the protein (thyroglobulin). It also holds the DNA which codes for thyroglobulin, so it knows what protein the cell is producing and how much is needed. The Nucleolus, which is inside the Nucleus, contains the ribosomal RNA that is involved in building proteins and also this organelle is the site where ribosomes are assembled. The ribosome is where Thyroglobulin is made.This organelle is either found floating free throughout the cell in the cytoplasm or embedded on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The protein can be formed at both locations. Thyroglobulin uses the rough endoplasmic reticulum as a transport system through the thyrocyte; also this organelle can be a temporary storage for thyroglobulin until it is needed. The protei n is then moved to the Golgi complex, this organelle is known to be most commonly found in glandular cells. The Golgi body is where thyroglobulin is modified into a glycoprotein; this is when a carbohydrate is added into the structure of the protein.This modified thyroglobulin is processed, sorted and packaged into secretory vesicles. These secretory vesicles are then discharged in to the follicle lumen. The thyroid follicle cell traps iodide (active uptake) and it then travels through the cell, on the way through the cell the iodide is oxidized into active iodine by hydrogen peroxide. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase (TPO). The iodine is then passed into the colloid lumen. In the colloid the iodine is attached to tyrosine, this is the amino acid that joins together to make up the protein thyroglobulin, forming DIT (T2).DIT is known as a colloid thyroglobulin. Iodinated tyrosines are joined together to form thyroxine (T4). The thyroglobulin colloid is endo cytosed (entering) back into the thyroid follicle cell forming an inward folding. This is then combined with a lysosome, so that the lysosomal enzymes can split thyroxine from the thyroglobulin colloid. Finally the hormone is diffused out of the thyrocyte, through the cell membrane into the bloodstream on its way to the peripheral tissues via the capillary.Image from: http://wps. aw. com/bc_marieb_happlace_7_oa/42/10969/2808223. cw/index. html

Discrimination at the Workplace Essay

Discrimination is described as an illegal treatment because of prejudices based from a number of factors, such as gender, sex, religious beliefs, disabilities and many more (Goree, 2007). In the case of Julie’s friend, Bandu, the prejudice and discrimination given to him was based on his ethnic roots, being an Indian-born in an American region. The application was then rejected without him being called for an interview or a test of some sort. For someone like Julie, an employee who knows the capabilities of her friend, her boss’s decision is something that is unethical and inappropriate for the present day of the employment world. But there are many factors that should be considered before deciding the appropriate action for a case like this. There are two sides, that of the employer and the about-to-be employee that should be understood and thought over. Each has their own points and thesis that must be incorporated to get a win-win situation. Firstly, Julie should be as professional as possible and not be biased just because the rejected applicant is her friend. There should also be no trace of favoritism on Julie’s side, because that would just add another unethical instance. Favoritism happens when a certain advantage is held by someone having an edge because of certain factors (Goree, 2007). Bandu is Julie’s friend, and even though Julie is not the employer, there is still that possibility that she might influence the decision of her boss in favoring her friend. This potentiality of favoritism can be avoided by marking the line between referencing and heavy influencing. References are people which the employer can call or talk to ask information about the employee (Doyle, 2008). In the case of this event, the connection is strictly professional and the information relayed would be useful in deciding whether the application would be rejected or given a chance. For the company, it is obvious that they must start to be open to diversity and begin to embrace the thought of hiring people from minority groups. To do this, they must first learn more about the advantages of diversity. These concepts, such as friendly competitions between employees, exchange of ideas or information, and total growth of the company have been proved by many researchers (Goree, 2007). It is therefore something worth trying for a company that hasn’t got any bad feedbacks from this technique. The employers can then begin by accepting applications from any group and giving equal chances to all. If the company’s employing division is really that picky, then they could schedule pre-interviews to applicants. Additional interviews or pre-tests can then be administered to further filter down the applicant. The important thing is all applicants, regardless of gender, race, or affiliations, must be allowed to join the preliminary screening procedures that is of course once they reached the required qualifications. One possible problem that Julie’s company might experience is the difficulty in hiring employees of a minority group because they haven’t done it in a long time. Referencing, as discussed above can be a lot of help in here. The information taken from the listed references must be included in the criteria of selecting new applicants, not just their background race. In order to be effective, the company must also demolish any style of stereotyping based on races, or any variables that could affect the connotation of a group of people. This would ensure that there will be no discrimination in the workplace itself, not just on the application and hiring process. The rest of the employees must accept each other freely and avoid negative outlooks on the newly hired minority workers. By following these steps, one can guarantee a healthy workplace, where diversity becomes a great help in improving the company as a whole.

6 English 101 Essay Topics About English-Chinese Differences Each Student Should Know

6 English 101 Essay Topics About English-Chinese Differences Each Student Should Know Let’s agree that Chinese and English are two totally different languages pronunciation, grammar, written form, expressions it all differs. From a broader perspective, there are some major differences between. English emphasizes the structure, while Chinese focuses on the meaning. In English, it is very common to see one long sentence with a   long modifier, and pronouns like â€Å"we†, â€Å"she†, â€Å"they† in addition to â€Å"that† and â€Å"which†, to avoid recurrences. The sentence could be very long and complicated, this is especially obvious in legal articles. However, in the Chinese language, generally sentences are shorter and even if it’s a long sentence, it would be divided into several short sentences or phrases by comma. Let’s look at some examples: The sights of Beijing are so numerous that one can spend several weeks here and leave without having seen all of the important ones. Ã¥Å'â€"ä º ¬Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥  Ã¨Æ'Å"Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¤ º ºÃ¥ ° ±Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¥â€ž ¿Ã¥â€˜â€ Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¥â€¡  Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿï ¼Å'ç ¦ »Ã¥ ¼â‚¬Ã¦â€" ¶Ã¤ ¹Å¸Ã¦â€"  Ã¦ ³â€¢Ã¦Å Å Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¦Å"‰é‡ Ã¨ ¦ Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦â„¢ ¯Ã§â€š ¹Ã§Å"‹å ®Å'。 In English the passive voice is very commonly used. Unlike English, Chinese usually uses the active voice. Let’s take a look at some examples of the Chinese active voice to translate English passive voice: Tea is drunk widely all over the world. ä ¸â€"ç•Å'Ã¥ â€žÃ¥Å" °Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ º ºÃ¤ » ¬Ã©Æ' ½Ã¥â€" Ã¨Å' ¶Ã£â‚¬â€š But sometimes the tables were laid outside in the gardens of stately homes. ä ½â€ Ã¦Å"‰æâ€" ¶Ã¤ ¹Å¸Ã¦Å Å Ã© ¤ Ã¦ ¡Å'摆åˆ °Ã¨ ± ªÃ©â€" ¨Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ®â€¦Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¨Å  ±Ã¥â€º ­Ã©â€¡Å'。 In Chinese, idioms are a frequent occurrence, most of them are short four characters. Their goal is to make the expression more vivid, live and compact. In comparison, English is not so rich in this genre. Here are some examples: The gentleman is not a tool. Ã¥ â€ºÃ¥ ­ Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥â„¢ ¨Ã£â‚¬â€š Here come friends afar, how exceedingly happy we are! Ã¥ â€¹Ã¦Å"‹è‡ ªÃ¨ ¿Å"æâ€" ¹Ã¦  ¥Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ¸ Ã¤ º ¦Ã¤ ¹ Ã¤ ¹Å½Ã¯ ¼Å¸ English is a Latin language, you can guess the pronunciation from its spelling, while Chinese is a character language, it can’t be spelt and you can’t guess the pronunciation from the characters in many cases. Some foreigners use â€Å"spelling† this word on the description of the Chinese language, obviously they have no idea of this language. It is not a romanization language, and can never be spelt. English has far less dialects and accents than Chinese. Due to historical and geographical reasons, the dialects and accents in English don’t have too much difference as that in the Chinese language. The commonly seen word Mandarin actually is a â€Å"standard dialect† of Chinese, and it’s not a written language, just a sort of spoken language. The written form of English is quite simple, while in Chinese it’s varied and that’s the cause of Chinese calligraphy. In English, there’s no variation of the written words, while in Chinese there’re simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese. And dating back to the ancient times in Chinese history, there were running hand, cursive hand, clerical script, etc. The English and Chinese languages are 2 polar means of communication. Though it’s hard to find contact points of them, it’s still possible and crucial to master these two languages. We wish you good luck and hope that our service will help you with that.